Etiology/risk: how to identify causes or risk factors for disease (including iatrogenic harms).

Clinical findings: how to properly gather and interpret findings from the history and physical examination.

Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer Health.Ĭentral issues in clinical work, where clinical questions often arise Fineout-Overholt (Eds.), Evidence-based practice in nursing & healthcare: A guide to best practice (p.

The time over which populations are observed for the outcome (e.g., quality of life) to occur, given a certain condition (e.g., prostate cancer)įineout-Overholt, E., & Stillwell, S.

The time it takes for the intervention to achieve the outcome.

The time involved to demonstrate an outcome, for example:

Rate of occurrence of adverse outcome (e.g., death).

Outcome expected from therapy (e.g., pressure ulcers).

Absence of risk factor (e.g., nonsmoking).Alternative therapy, placebo, or no intervention/therapy.What you want to compare the intervention or issue against, for example:

The intervention or range of interventions of interest, for example:Ĭomparison intervention or issue of interest The patient population or disease of interest, for example: The components of this type of question are: PICO (or PICOT*) format is a way to formulate an answerable clinical question.

Death or Treat for ios instal